Nevertheless, therapeutic management of the advanced disease stages is rather challenging due to complications related to the chronic intake of drugs, such as l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. l-dopa and other drugs acting on dopaminergic transmission are the most effective medical treatment for motor symptoms in PD patients. The hallmark motor symptoms of PD consist of bradykinesia (i.e., movement slowness and reduction), rest tremor, and rigidity (i.e., increased muscle tone with “lead-pipe” resistance to passive movement), which are often associated with postural instability in more advanced disease stages. PD is a neurological disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron depletion in the midbrain structure called the substantia nigra pars compacta and associated with intracellular and extracellular inclusions of a misfolded protein, α-synuclein. By 2040, it is estimated that up to 17 million people worldwide will suffer from PD, thus representing a “Parkinson pandemic”. Parkinson’s disease (PD) globally affects 6.2 million people, representing the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, we speculate about the prospects and challenges of muscle synergy analysis in order to promote future research protocols in PD. We then critically examine studies assessing muscle synergies in PD during different motor tasks including balance, gait and upper limb movements. We first discuss the theoretical background and computational methods for muscle synergy extraction from physiological data. This narrative review discusses muscle synergies in the evaluation of motor symptoms in PD. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of balance and gait disorders in PD is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. The precise mechanisms contributing to these motor symptoms in PD remain largely unknown. Muscle synergy analysis may represent a new framework to examine the pathophysiological basis of specific motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), including balance and gait disorders that are often unresponsive to treatment. The theoretical background of muscle synergies is based on the potential ability of the motor system to coordinate muscles groups as a single unit, thus reducing high-dimensional data to low-dimensional elements. Over the last two decades, experimental studies in humans and other vertebrates have increasingly used muscle synergy analysis as a computational tool to examine the physiological basis of motor control.
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